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This year, celebrate Mom (or treat yourself) with our exclusive Mother’s Day promotion!
— Dr. Dale
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Probiotics and IBS

Read about how probiotics can be effective in IBS.
— Dr. Dale

From Probiotics and IBS 

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal condition that is prevalent in anywhere between 8 and 22 percent of the population. Associated symptoms include abdominal pain, flatulence, changes in bowel habits and bloating, in the absence of organic intestinal disease.

The cause of IBS has not yet been determined. Genetic predisposition, environmental factors such as infections and psychologic stress, and disorders of colonic digestion absorption and microbial fermentation may be involved in the etiology of the disease.

Microbiota and IBS

It is of interest that the fecal microbiome is obviously abnormal in IBS, with respect to the proportion of facultative organisms, and the reduction in the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.

In some cases, this is caused by bacterial infections, and antibiotics may be useful because they are able to wipe out the disrupting bacterial strains. On the other hand, antibiotics are also the most common cause of this type of microbiome disturbance.

Disruption of the microflora leads to abnormalities in many functions that they perform in the human gut.

Probiotics in IBS

Probiotics are microbes that are ingested in the appropriate numbers in order to bring about health-related effects on the body beyond their nutritive value. These are live organisms and have been studied in many conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, such as Clostridium difficile colitis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and inflammatory bowel disease.  Many studies have now shown that their use is associated with better outcomes in irritable bowel syndrome.

Other applications in which probiotics have been of clinical benefit include necrotizing enterocolitis, traveler’s diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pouchitis, which is inflammation of a restorative ileal pouch. Probiotics are not a panacea for all inflammatory bowel conditions because they are ineffective in inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn’s disease.

In IBS, probiotics are found to be effective in the general sense, but the available evidence is heterogeneous. Some studies have used single and others multiple probiotics. There is a general improvement in IBS symptoms, but overall, the efficacy is usually confined to one symptom. Research on IBS and probiotics has been confounded by the differences between the parameters used from study to study in terms of dose, strains, duration, formulation, study design, and other treatments used.

Mechanisms of probiotic action

It is now understood that the mucous membrane and microbiome of the intestine are one physiological unit which is of great importance in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, modulating immune responses, and regulating mucosal immunity as well as cytokine production. The benefits brought about by probiotics is best understood in the context of dysbiosis-induced metabolic and inflammatory changes, and include:

  • Inhibition of the growth of pathogenic bacteria
  • Suppression of pathogen binding via their effects on adhesins
  • Improvement of the quality of the epithelial barrier in the gut
  • Enhanced host immune activity: some Lactobacillus species enhance immune function, by activation of dendritic cells (DC) which present antigen to the T cells of the innate immune system to produce cell activation and recruitment. This changes the cytokine pattern of the enteric mucosa. They may also be used to deliver other biologically active drugs to the intestine.
  • Colonic transit time is also affected by probiotic use in IBS with bloating as a prominent symptom.

Changes in the lumen include:

  • Reduced production of gas with fewer Clostridia and Veillonella
  • Increased consumption of nutrient substrates in the colon with SCFA production
  • Better colon motility, perhaps due to SCFA-induced peristalsis or fluid absorption
  • Less bile acid absorption in IBS with diarrhea due to bacterial deconjugation, with a lower load of bile salts to the colon, resulting in less damage to the mucosa
  • L. acidophilus leads to the overexpression of opioid and cannabinoid receptors which results in suppression of visceral hypersensitivity that occurs with disrupted gut microflora

Some of these effects are probably mediated by short chain fatty acids, which acidify the pH and result in bactericidal protein production. One of them is butyrate, which is a nutritive substrate for colonic enterocytes and improves the integrity of the mucosa. They may correct bowel motility problems, and also inhibit epithelial apoptosis.

Commonly used probiotics

One of the most studied probiotics in IBS treatment is Bifidobacterium infantis, which produces reductions in the levels of several pro-inflammatory chemicals such as TNF-α, gamma-interferon, and IL-6. It may also increase tryptophan levels which can suppress abnormal nervous signaling in the gut.

Other species that have been considered in this area and which produce similar effects on the pro-inflammatory (IL-12) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine balance include the following strains of Lactobacillus:

  • L. plantarum 299v
  • L. rhamnosus LGG
  • L. reuteri
  • L. acidophilus
  • L. casei

There are also Bifidobacterium strains such as:

  • B. infantis
  • B. lactis
  • B. brevis

Another role for probiotics is to act as vehicles for targeted anti-inflammatory therapy at required areas in the gut, such as the use of Lactococcus lactis with the recombinant IL-10 secreting gene, which acted in a manner like that of corticosteroids.

The use of probiotics such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria is safe unless the patient is immunosuppressed, and the dose given is large, or they are used following intestinal resection.

7 steps to making your health your No. 1 priority

Here’s to becoming a healthier version of yourself.
— Dr. Dale

From 7 steps to making your health your No. 1 priority

If you’re like many of us, you make well-intentioned health and fitness resolutions — perhaps on Jan. 1 — only to break them days or weeks later. We asked Betsy Mendel, a Los Angeles personal trainer and author of “Move a Muscle. Change a Mood,” for tips to help get back on track when we lose our way. Here’s what she had to say:

Instead of resolutions, let’s talk about commitments. Commitment involves an actual action plan. Really making a commitment and holding yourself accountable is critical. Personally I don’t make resolutions. I am committed to being my best, feeling and looking my best, all year round.

Here are six simple steps for accomplishing this:

1. Don’t try to change everything at once. Pick one thing and stick to it.

It seems like we try to change everything at once — our weight, our relationship, our career, our family and our finances — rather than prioritize. But it is completely unrealistic. In fact, sometimes the more we try to do, the less able we are to make any of these changes, and everything suffers.

So the first step is to prioritize. Make a list of everything you want to change. Then take time to really look at your list. Think about how each item on the list affects the other, and which makes the most sense to start with. Arrange them in order of importance. Now look at the first thing on your list and set a tangible and achievable goal you know you can attain. For instance, you could say “I want to lose 10 pounds by summer.” Look at this commitment each and every day. You are now on the pathway to success, taking one small step at a time.

2. Aim to create a positive new habit, not just a result. 

Focus on the new behavior you want to achieve, not the outcome. Let’s go back to that goal of losing 10 pounds by summer. There are two ways to obtain this goal: Cleaning up your diet, and exercise, just getting up and moving. That’s more effective that just focusing on the scale.

3. Change your environment.

This will change depending upon your goal. But if you want to lose weight and get healthier, you know that you need to stock your kitchen and pantry with healthy, wholesome foods that you will actually eat. Go through your kitchen, pantry and cabinet. Look at each item, one by one and put them into three groups: Foods that are healthy, foods that you’re not sure about, and foods that are unhealthy. The first group contains fruits, vegetables, lean meats and so on. Use your smart phone or computer to look up foods you’re not sure about, and decide whether they go into the healthy or unhealthy category. And you know what do to with the third group of food: Take unopened, non-perishables to the food pantry, and the rest goes in the garbage.

4. Recognize that small changes add up. 

Park your car so you have to walk a little farther rather than wasting time hunting for “the perfect spot.” Take the stairs instead of the elevator. Think of each step as a calorie burned. Ditch the diet drinks and drink water instead. (There have been so many studies and reports that show that diet drinks actually make us hungrier.) Create an exercise plan you can commit to four days a week.

5. When you slip, get back on track quickly.

There are times when we will make choices that we know are not good for us. We grab that super sugary dessert or skip a few days of our workout. One of the hardest things to do is to forgive ourselves and move back into our best behaviors as soon as possible. You don’t need to overcompensate to try to undo the damage that was done. This only makes getting back on track harder. Just get back into your healthy routine. Get back to your small changes, back to your positive behaviors and right back to achieving that outcome.

6. Schedule your new habits into your life.

Now, how do we make sure we follow through? First, we need to remember we are talking about a commitment. A commitment to ourselves. Commitments are not meant to be taken lightly. They are how we can truly judge ourselves. Are we strong enough to make a commitment and follow through? Of course we are, if we make and use the realistic plan we’ve outlined. But it’s not automatic. We are trying to changing behaviors that we’ve had possibly for decades. I suggest you use daily reminders to stay on track. Take your calendar or your smart phone and note all the positive behaviors you are committing to for the day. Maybe it’s wake up earlier to work out, or make a healthy smoothie, or walk a mile during your lunch break. Do this every day.

Your thoughts become your words, your words become your actions, your actions become your habits, your habits become your character. Add some positive thinking in this entire process, and your character becomes your destiny. And your destiny is plain and simple: Lose those 10 pounds, or whatever your goal was. If you follow through, you’ll find that achieving your goal was one of the easiest things you ever did because you did it through small, achievable steps.

7. Repeat.

Use this process over and over again to achieve all the goals you laid out at the very beginning. Step-by-step, day-by-day, you will live your commitments and see the strength of your true character.

The bottom line is there’s no secret sauce, no quick fix.

Commitment to good habits is the “magic bullet.”